PostGIS spatial functions and operators

This page covers PostGIS spatial functions and operators available in this library for working with geometry and geography data types.

See also: PostGIS geometry and geography for the column types and Examples for these functions in whole queries

PostGIS spatial operators

Some operators have dual meanings for different data types. Use the specific DQL function names to avoid conflicts:

@: Use SPATIAL_CONTAINED_BY for geometry (arrays and JSON use IS_CONTAINED_BY instead)
~: Use REGEXP for text patterns, SPATIAL_CONTAINS for geometry
&&: Use OVERLAPS for arrays/JSON, spatial overlaps work automatically with geometry/geography

Compatibility Notes:

Most bounding box operators work primarily with geometry types
Geography types have limited operator support (mainly &&, <->)
3D/n-dimensional operators may require the geometry to be built explicitly: ST_GEOMFROMTEXT('POINT Z(0 0 0)')
Some advanced operators (&&&) may not be available in all PostGIS versions

Bounding box operators

These operators work with geometry bounding boxes; PostGIS does not define them for geography. All return boolean values and should be used with = TRUE or = FALSE in DQL (see Writing DQL).

PostgreSQL operator	Register for DQL as	Description	Implemented by
&<	OVERLAPS_LEFT	Returns TRUE if A’s bounding box overlaps or is to the left of B’s	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\OverlapsLeft`
&>	OVERLAPS_RIGHT	Returns TRUE if A’s bounding box overlaps or is to the right of B’s	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\OverlapsRight`
«	STRICTLY_LEFT	Returns TRUE if A’s bounding box is strictly to the left of B’s	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\StrictlyLeft`
»	STRICTLY_RIGHT	Returns TRUE if A’s bounding box is strictly to the right of B’s	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\StrictlyRight`
@	SPATIAL_CONTAINED_BY	Returns TRUE if A’s bounding box is contained by B’s (spatial version)	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\SpatialContainedBy`
~	SPATIAL_CONTAINS	Returns TRUE if A’s bounding box contains B’s (spatial version)	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\SpatialContains`
~=	SPATIAL_SAME	Returns TRUE if A’s bounding box is the same as B’s	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\SpatialSame`
\|&>	OVERLAPS_ABOVE	Returns TRUE if A’s bounding box overlaps or is above B’s	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\OverlapsAbove`
\|»	STRICTLY_ABOVE	Returns TRUE if A’s bounding box is strictly above B’s	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\StrictlyAbove`
&<\|	OVERLAPS_BELOW	Returns TRUE if A’s bounding box overlaps or is below B’s	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\OverlapsBelow`
«\|	STRICTLY_BELOW	Returns TRUE if A’s bounding box is strictly below B’s	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\StrictlyBelow`
&&&	ND_OVERLAPS	Returns TRUE if A’s n-D bounding box intersects B’s n-D bounding box	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\NDimensionalOverlaps`

Distance operators

These operators calculate distances between geometries. All return numeric values.

PostgreSQL operator	Register for DQL as	Description	Implemented by
<->	GEOMETRY_DISTANCE	Returns the 2D distance between A and B geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\GeometryDistance`
\|=\|	TRAJECTORY_DISTANCE	Returns distance between trajectories at closest point of approach	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\TrajectoryDistance`
<#>	BOUNDING_BOX_DISTANCE	Returns the 2D distance between A and B bounding boxes	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\BoundingBoxDistance`
«-»	ND_CENTROID_DISTANCE	Returns n-D distance between centroids of bounding boxes	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\NDimensionalCentroidDistance`

PostGIS spatial relationship functions

These functions determine spatial relationships between geometries. Most return boolean values and should be used with = TRUE or = FALSE in DQL, but there are exceptions: ST_Relate(geom, geom) returns text (intersection matrix) and ST_LineCrossingDirection returns integer (crossing behavior).

PostgreSQL functions	Register for DQL as	Description	Implemented by
ST_3DDWithin	ST_3DDWITHIN	Tests if two 3D geometries are within a given 3D distance	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_3DDWithin`
ST_3DDFullyWithin	ST_3DDFULLYWITHIN	Tests if two 3D geometries are entirely within a given 3D distance	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_3DDFullyWithin`
ST_3DIntersects	ST_3DINTERSECTS	Tests if two geometries spatially intersect in 3D	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_3DIntersects`
ST_Contains	ST_CONTAINS	Tests if every point of B lies in A, and their interiors have a point in common	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Contains`
ST_ContainsProperly	ST_CONTAINSPROPERLY	Tests if every point of B lies in the interior of A	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_ContainsProperly`
ST_CoveredBy	ST_COVEREDBY	Tests if every point of A lies in B	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_CoveredBy`
ST_Covers	ST_COVERS	Tests if every point of B lies in A	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Covers`
ST_Crosses	ST_CROSSES	Tests if two geometries have some, but not all, interior points in common	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Crosses`
ST_DFullyWithin	ST_DFULLYWITHIN	Tests if a geometry is entirely inside a distance of another	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_DFullyWithin`
ST_Disjoint	ST_DISJOINT	Tests if two geometries have no points in common	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Disjoint`
ST_DWithin	ST_DWITHIN	Tests if two geometries are within a given distance	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_DWithin`
ST_Equals	ST_EQUALS	Tests if two geometries include the same set of points	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Equals`
ST_Intersects	ST_INTERSECTS	Tests if two geometries intersect (they have at least one point in common)	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Intersects`
ST_LineCrossingDirection	ST_LINECROSSINGDIRECTION	Returns a number indicating the crossing behavior of two LineStrings	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_LineCrossingDirection`
ST_OrderingEquals	ST_ORDERINGEQUALS	Tests if two geometries represent the same geometry and have points in the same directional order	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_OrderingEquals`
ST_Overlaps	ST_OVERLAPS	Tests if two geometries have the same dimension and intersect, but each has at least one point not in the other	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Overlaps`
ST_PointInsideCircle	ST_POINTINSIDECIRCLE	Tests if a point geometry is inside a circle defined by a center and radius	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_PointInsideCircle`
ST_Relate	ST_RELATE	Tests if two geometries have a topological relationship matching an Intersection Matrix pattern, or computes their Intersection Matrix	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Relate`
ST_RelateMatch	ST_RELATEMATCH	Tests if a DE-9IM Intersection Matrix matches an Intersection Matrix pattern	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_RelateMatch`
ST_Touches	ST_TOUCHES	Tests if two geometries have at least one point in common, but their interiors do not intersect	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Touches`
ST_Within	ST_WITHIN	Tests if every point of A lies in B, and their interiors have a point in common	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Within`

PostGIS geometry accessor functions

These functions return properties and information about geometries.

PostgreSQL functions	Register for DQL as	Description	Implemented by
ST_CoordDim	ST_COORDDIM	Returns the coordinate dimension of a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_CoordDim`
ST_CurveN	ST_CURVEN	Returns the Nth curve of a CompoundCurve	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_CurveN`
ST_EndPoint	ST_ENDPOINT	Returns the last point of a LineString or CircularString	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_EndPoint`
ST_ExteriorRing	ST_EXTERIORRING	Returns the exterior ring of a Polygon as a LineString	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_ExteriorRing`
ST_GeometryN	ST_GEOMETRYN	Returns the Nth element of a geometry collection or multi-geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_GeometryN`
ST_GeometryType	ST_GEOMETRYTYPE	Returns the SQL-MM type string of a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_GeometryType`
ST_HasM	ST_HASM	Returns true if the geometry has an M (measure) coordinate	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_HasM`
ST_HasZ	ST_HASZ	Returns true if the geometry has a Z coordinate	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_HasZ`
ST_InteriorRingN	ST_INTERIORRINGN	Returns the Nth interior ring (hole) of a Polygon as a LineString	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_InteriorRingN`
ST_IsClosed	ST_ISCLOSED	Returns true if the start and end points of a LineString are the same	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_IsClosed`
ST_IsEmpty	ST_ISEMPTY	Returns true if the geometry is an empty geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_IsEmpty`
ST_IsValid	ST_ISVALID	Returns true if the geometry is well-formed and valid	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_IsValid`
ST_IsValidReason	ST_ISVALIDREASON	Returns the reason why a geometry is invalid, or “Valid Geometry” when it is not	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_IsValidReason`
ST_NPoints	ST_NPOINTS	Returns the number of points (vertices) in a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_NPoints`
ST_NumCurves	ST_NUMCURVES	Returns the number of curves in a CompoundCurve	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_NumCurves`
ST_NumGeometries	ST_NUMGEOMETRIES	Returns the number of elements in a geometry collection	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_NumGeometries`
ST_NumInteriorRings	ST_NUMINTERIORRINGS	Returns the number of interior rings (holes) of a Polygon	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_NumInteriorRings`
ST_NumPoints	ST_NUMPOINTS	Returns the number of points in a LineString or CircularString	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_NumPoints`
ST_PointN	ST_POINTN	Returns the Nth point of a LineString or CircularString	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_PointN`
ST_SRID	ST_SRID	Returns the spatial reference identifier of a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_SRID`
ST_StartPoint	ST_STARTPOINT	Returns the first point of a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_StartPoint`
ST_X	ST_X	Returns the X coordinate of a Point	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_X`
ST_Y	ST_Y	Returns the Y coordinate of a Point	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Y`
ST_Z	ST_Z	Returns the Z coordinate of a Point	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Z`

PostGIS measurement functions

These functions calculate various measurements of geometries including lengths, areas, distances, and angles.

PostgreSQL functions	Register for DQL as	Description	Implemented by
ST_Length	ST_LENGTH	Returns the 2D length of LineString/MultiLineString or perimeter of areal geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Length`
ST_Length2D	ST_LENGTH2D	Returns the 2D length, ignoring Z coordinates	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Length2D`
ST_3DLength	ST_3DLENGTH	Returns the 3D length of LineString/MultiLineString or 3D perimeter of areal geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_3DLength`
ST_Area	ST_AREA	Returns the area of polygon/multi-polygon geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Area`
ST_Perimeter	ST_PERIMETER	Returns the 2D perimeter of polygon/multi-polygon geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Perimeter`
ST_3DPerimeter	ST_3DPERIMETER	Returns the 3D perimeter of polygon/multi-polygon geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_3DPerimeter`
ST_Distance	ST_DISTANCE	Returns the 2D distance between two geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Distance`
ST_3DDistance	ST_3DDISTANCE	Returns the 3D distance between two geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_3DDistance`
ST_Centroid	ST_CENTROID	Returns the geometric center of a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Centroid`
ST_ClosestPoint	ST_CLOSESTPOINT	Returns the 2D point on geometry A that is closest to geometry B	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_ClosestPoint`
ST_MaxDistance	ST_MAXDISTANCE	Returns the maximum distance between two geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_MaxDistance`
ST_ShortestLine	ST_SHORTESTLINE	Returns the 2D shortest line between two geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_ShortestLine`
ST_HausdorffDistance	ST_HAUSDORFFDISTANCE	Returns the Hausdorff distance between two geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_HausdorffDistance`
ST_FrechetDistance	ST_FRECHETDISTANCE	Returns the Fréchet distance between two geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_FrechetDistance`
ST_Azimuth	ST_AZIMUTH	Returns the azimuth between two points in radians	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Azimuth`
ST_Project	ST_PROJECT	Projects a point along a geodesic by distance and azimuth	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Project`

PostGIS overlay functions

These functions perform geometric operations between geometries including intersection, union, difference, and splitting.

PostgreSQL functions	Register for DQL as	Description	Implemented by
ST_Intersection	ST_INTERSECTION	Returns the point set intersection of two geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Intersection`
ST_Union	ST_UNION	Returns the point set union of two geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Union`
ST_UnaryUnion	ST_UNARYUNION	Performs unary union on a geometry (dissolves internal boundaries)	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_UnaryUnion`
ST_Difference	ST_DIFFERENCE	Returns the point set difference (A - B)	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Difference`
ST_SymDifference	ST_SYMDIFFERENCE	Returns the symmetric difference of two geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_SymDifference`
ST_Split	ST_SPLIT	Splits a geometry by another geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Split`
ST_Subdivide	ST_SUBDIVIDE	Subdivides a geometry into smaller parts	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Subdivide`
ST_ClipByBox2D	ST_CLIPBYBOX2D	Clips a geometry by a 2D box	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_ClipByBox2D`
ST_Collect	ST_COLLECT	Collects geometries into a geometry collection	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Collect`
ST_CollectionExtract	ST_COLLECTIONEXTRACT	Extracts a specific type from a geometry collection	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_CollectionExtract`
ST_CollectionHomogenize	ST_COLLECTIONHOMOGENIZE	Homogenizes a geometry collection	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_CollectionHomogenize`

PostGIS coverage functions

These functions work with polygonal coverages (sets of non-overlapping polygons that share edges).

PostgreSQL functions	Register for DQL as	Description	Implemented by
ST_CoverageUnion	ST_COVERAGEUNION	Computes the union of a set of polygons forming a coverage by removing shared edges	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_CoverageUnion`

PostGIS geometry constructor functions

These functions create new geometry objects from coordinates, other geometries, or well-known representations.

PostgreSQL functions	Register for DQL as	Description	Implemented by
ST_MakeEnvelope	ST_MAKEENVELOPE	Creates a rectangular Polygon from minimum and maximum coordinates	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_MakeEnvelope`
ST_MakeLine	ST_MAKELINE	Creates a LineString from Point, MultiPoint, or LineString geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_MakeLine`
ST_MakePoint	ST_MAKEPOINT	Creates a 2D, 3DZ, or 4D Point from coordinates	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_MakePoint`
ST_Point	ST_POINT	Creates a Point with an optional SRID	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Point`
ST_TileEnvelope	ST_TILEENVELOPE	Creates a rectangular Polygon for a Web Mercator tile by zoom/x/y	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_TileEnvelope`

PostGIS GeoJSON functions

PostgreSQL functions	Register for DQL as	Description	Implemented by
ST_GeomFromGeoJSON	ST_GEOMFROMGEOJSON	Creates a geometry from a GeoJSON representation	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_GeomFromGeoJSON`
ST_AsGeoJSON	ST_ASGEOJSON	Returns the geometry as a GeoJSON element	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_AsGeoJSON`

PostGIS well-known text functions

These functions read and write the OGC Well-Known Text (WKT) representation and the PostGIS-specific Extended Well-Known Text (EWKT) one. EWKT carries the SRID as a SRID=...; prefix, plain WKT does not.

PostgreSQL functions	Register for DQL as	Description	Implemented by
ST_GeomFromText	ST_GEOMFROMTEXT	Creates a geometry from a WKT representation, with an optional SRID	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_GeomFromText`
ST_GeomFromEWKT	ST_GEOMFROMEWKT	Creates a geometry from an EWKT representation, taking the SRID from the prefix	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_GeomFromEWKT`
ST_AsText	ST_ASTEXT	Returns the geometry or geography as WKT, without the SRID	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_AsText`
ST_AsEWKT	ST_ASEWKT	Returns the geometry or geography as EWKT, with the SRID	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_AsEWKT`

PostGIS geometry processing functions

These functions modify and transform geometries including buffering, simplification, coordinate system changes, and geometric transformations.

PostgreSQL functions	Register for DQL as	Description	Implemented by
ST_Boundary	ST_BOUNDARY	Returns the boundary of a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Boundary`
ST_Buffer	ST_BUFFER	Creates a buffer around a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Buffer`
ST_ConcaveHull	ST_CONCAVEHULL	Returns a possibly concave geometry that encloses all input geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_ConcaveHull`
ST_ConvexHull	ST_CONVEXHULL	Returns the convex hull of a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_ConvexHull`
ST_CurveToLine	ST_CURVETOLINE	Converts curved geometries to linear geometries	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_CurveToLine`
ST_Envelope	ST_ENVELOPE	Returns the bounding box as a polygon	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Envelope`
ST_FlipCoordinates	ST_FLIPCOORDINATES	Returns a geometry with X and Y coordinates flipped	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_FlipCoordinates`
ST_Force2D	ST_FORCE2D	Forces geometry to 2D by removing Z/M coordinates	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Force2D`
ST_Force3D	ST_FORCE3D	Forces geometry to 3D by adding Z coordinate if needed	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Force3D`
ST_Force4D	ST_FORCE4D	Forces geometry to 4D by adding Z and M coordinates if needed	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Force4D`
ST_Letters	ST_LETTERS	Creates geometries that look like letters	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Letters`
ST_LineExtend	ST_LINEEXTEND	Returns a line extended forwards and backwards by specified distances	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_LineExtend`
ST_LineToCurve	ST_LINETOCURVE	Converts linear geometries to curved geometries where possible	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_LineToCurve`
ST_MakeValid	ST_MAKEVALID	Returns a valid geometry representing the same points as an invalid input	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_MakeValid`
ST_MinimumBoundingCircle	ST_MINIMUMBOUNDINGCIRCLE	Returns the smallest circle polygon that contains a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_MinimumBoundingCircle`
ST_OffsetCurve	ST_OFFSETCURVE	Returns an offset line at a given distance and side from an input line	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_OffsetCurve`
ST_PointOnSurface	ST_POINTONSURFACE	Returns a point guaranteed to lie on the surface of a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_PointOnSurface`
ST_GeneratePoints	ST_GENERATEPOINTS	Generates a multipoint of random points inside a polygon	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_GeneratePoints`
ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView	ST_REMOVEIRRELEVANTPOINTSFORVIEW	Removes points that are irrelevant for rendering a geometry at a given view	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_RemoveIrrelevantPointsForView`
ST_RemoveSmallParts	ST_REMOVESMALLPARTS	Removes small polygon rings and linestrings from a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_RemoveSmallParts`
ST_Reverse	ST_REVERSE	Reverses the order of points in a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Reverse`
ST_Rotate	ST_ROTATE	Rotates a geometry by given angle	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Rotate`
ST_Scale	ST_SCALE	Scales a geometry by given factors	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Scale`
ST_Segmentize	ST_SEGMENTIZE	Returns a modified geometry having no segment longer than the given max length	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Segmentize`
ST_SetSRID	ST_SETSRID	Sets the SRID on a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_SetSRID`
ST_Simplify	ST_SIMPLIFY	Simplifies geometry using Douglas-Peucker algorithm	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Simplify`
ST_SimplifyPolygonHull	ST_SIMPLIFYPOLYGONHULL	Computes a simplified topology-preserving outer or inner hull of a polygon	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_SimplifyPolygonHull`
ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology	ST_SIMPLIFYPRESERVETOPOLOGY	Simplifies geometry while preserving topology	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology`
ST_SimplifyVW	ST_SIMPLIFYVW	Simplifies geometry using Visvalingam-Whyatt algorithm	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_SimplifyVW`
ST_Snap	ST_SNAP	Snaps the vertices and segments of a geometry to another geometry’s vertices	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Snap`
ST_Transform	ST_TRANSFORM	Transforms geometry to different coordinate system	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Transform`
ST_Translate	ST_TRANSLATE	Translates a geometry by given offsets	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_Translate`
ST_TriangulatePolygon	ST_TRIANGULATEPOLYGON	Computes the constrained Delaunay triangulation of a polygon	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_TriangulatePolygon`
ST_VoronoiPolygons	ST_VORONOIPOLYGONS	Returns the 2D Voronoi diagram polygons from the vertices of a geometry	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_VoronoiPolygons`

PostGIS linear referencing functions

These functions work with measures along linear geometries for operations like locating points along routes.

PostgreSQL functions	Register for DQL as	Description	Implemented by
ST_LineInterpolatePoint	ST_LINEINTERPOLATEPOINT	Returns a point interpolated along a line at a fractional position	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_LineInterpolatePoint`
ST_LineLocatePoint	ST_LINELOCATEPOINT	Returns the fractional location of the closest point on a line to a given point	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_LineLocatePoint`
ST_LineSubstring	ST_LINESUBSTRING	Returns the portion of a line between two fractional locations	`MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\PostGIS\ST_LineSubstring`

Usage examples

These examples cover the cases where the DQL wiring is not obvious. Everything else follows the tables above - call the function with the arguments PostGIS documents.

The results come from these rows of Entity. polygon carries SRID 4326; the other columns have no SRID.

id	geometry	geometry1	geometry2	polygon
1	`POINT(-3 1.123456)`	`POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0))`	`POLYGON((2 2,6 2,6 6,2 6,2 2))`	`SRID=4326;POLYGON((0 0,5 0,5 5,0 5,0 0))`
2	`POINT(700 0)`	`POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0))`	`POLYGON((5 5,6 5,6 6,5 6,5 5))`	`SRID=4326;POLYGON((10 10,12 10,12 12,10 12,10 10))`

Each -- → line under a query is one row of its result. A query without its own ORDER BY has its rows listed in sample-row order, or by group.

-- Boolean operators and functions need an explicit comparison in DQL
SELECT e FROM Entity e WHERE STRICTLY_LEFT(e.geometry, 'POINT(0 0)') = TRUE
-- → Entity {id: 1}

SELECT e FROM Entity e WHERE ST_DWithin(e.geometry, 'POINT(0 0)', 1000) = TRUE
-- → Entity {id: 1}
--   Entity {id: 2}

-- Distance operators return numbers, so they can be selected and ordered by
SELECT e, GEOMETRY_DISTANCE(e.geometry, 'POINT(0 0)') as distance
FROM Entity e ORDER BY distance
-- → [0 => Entity {id: 1}, 'distance' => 3.203459596114176]
--   [0 => Entity {id: 2}, 'distance' => 700.0]

-- ST_Relate with 3 arguments returns boolean, with 2 it returns the intersection matrix
SELECT e FROM Entity e WHERE ST_Relate(e.geometry1, e.geometry2, 'T*T***T**') = TRUE
-- → Entity {id: 1}

SELECT e, ST_Relate(e.geometry1, e.geometry2) as matrix FROM Entity e
-- → [0 => Entity {id: 1}, 'matrix' => '212101212']
--   [0 => Entity {id: 2}, 'matrix' => 'FF2FF1212']

-- Optional arguments: decimal precision, then GeoJSON options (1 = include the bounding box)
SELECT e, ST_AsGeoJSON(e.geometry, 9, 1) as geojson_with_bbox FROM Entity e
-- → [0 => Entity {id: 1}, 'geojson_with_bbox' => '{"type":"Point","bbox":[-3.000000000,1.123456000,-3.000000000,1.123456000],"coordinates":[-3,1.123456]}']
--   [0 => Entity {id: 2}, 'geojson_with_bbox' => '{"type":"Point","bbox":[700.000000000,0.000000000,700.000000000,0.000000000],"coordinates":[700,0]}']

-- ST_AsText drops the SRID and takes an optional precision; ST_AsEWKT keeps the SRID
SELECT e, ST_AsText(e.geometry, 2) as wkt FROM Entity e
-- → [0 => Entity {id: 1}, 'wkt' => 'POINT(-3 1.12)']
--   [0 => Entity {id: 2}, 'wkt' => 'POINT(700 0)']

-- WKT takes the SRID as a separate argument, EWKT carries it in the string itself
SELECT e FROM Entity e
WHERE ST_Contains(e.polygon, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)', 4326)) = TRUE
-- → Entity {id: 1}

SELECT e FROM Entity e
WHERE ST_Contains(e.polygon, ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;POINT(1 2)')) = TRUE
-- → Entity {id: 1}

-- Parameters bind inside spatial functions as usual
SELECT e FROM Entity e
WHERE ST_Contains(e.polygon, ST_GeomFromGeoJSON(:geojson)) = TRUE
-- → Entity {id: 1}

Notes:

ST_Relate is a variadic function that accepts 2 or 3 arguments:
- With 2 arguments: returns text (intersection matrix)
- With 3 arguments: returns boolean (relationship test)
ST_LineCrossingDirection returns an integer (-3 to 3) indicating crossing behavior:
- 0: No crossing
- 1: Left to right crossing
- -1: Right to left crossing
- 2: Multiple crossings, the last one left to right
- -2: Multiple crossings, the last one right to left
- 3: Multiple crossings ending on the starting side, the first one left to right
- -3: Multiple crossings ending on the starting side, the first one right to left
All other functions return boolean values and should be used with = TRUE or = FALSE in DQL

DE-9IM Intersection Matrix Patterns for ST_Relate:

The DE-9IM (Dimensionally Extended 9-Intersection Model) uses a 9-character pattern where each character represents the intersection between:

Interior (I), Boundary (B), and Exterior (E) of geometry A
Interior (I), Boundary (B), and Exterior (E) of geometry B

Common patterns:

FF*FF**** = Disjoint (no intersection)
T*****FF* = Contains (A contains B)
T********, *T*******, ***T***** or ****T**** = Intersects (geometries intersect)
FT*******, F**T***** or F***T**** = Touches (boundary intersection only)
T*F**F*** = Within (A is within B)
T*T***T** = Overlaps (partial overlap)

Function Return Types:

Boolean functions: Use with = TRUE or = FALSE in DQL
Numeric functions: Return values for calculations and ordering
Geometry functions: Return new geometries for further operations
Text functions: Return strings for pattern matching and display

Tips:

A GiST index on a geometry or geography column serves the bounding box operators and relationship functions such as ST_INTERSECTS and ST_DWITHIN.
The ST_3D… functions use the Z coordinate, so store geometries with one (POINT Z(1 2 3)) when you need them.